MAC OS SNOW LEOPARD OVERVIEW:::::: Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10.6 was superseded byLion OS X 10.7 in 2011 which in turn was replaced byMountain Lion in 2012. The first thing Mac users should be aware of is that there's nothing eye-popping in Snow Leopard that's going to have you scrambling to upgrade.
I don’t mean this with any offense but I don’t have a better way to word it: your understanding of RAM management harkens to the days prior to 10.8.
Sandboxing was introduced in 10.7 which is when the memory footprint of OS X ballooned. It means that every app which opens a new instance of itself generally does so as a separate process. Previous to this the new instance would share the loaded libraries of the initial instance. The biggest impact to this was web browsers. Each new tab is like running a new Safari app by itself. That's the price of security: more memory.To mitigate, Apple did introduce compressed memory pages in Mavericks which occurs before swap is used. But while it helps, it can't prevent OS X memory leaks. They're just compressed now.
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Hello guys,
I've finally upgraded my 2016 TB MacBook Pro to High Sierra 10.13.1 by doing a clean install. I have no issues and performance seems to be on par - or slightly better - with Sierra but I've noticed that lots of RAM is active. At the moment, I have only iMessage, Safari and Mail open and that has 8.58GB RAM active. Is that normal ? Have you noticed anything similar ? Thank you in advance !
I find that just booting High Sierra on my 4GB MBA 2010 has it swapping already. I'd say the minimum footprint for OS X is 8GB possibly 16GB nowadays. Compressed memory and SSD swapping help mitigate the slowness but you still take a hit for low RAM systems running HS and it causes the system to feel sluggish.I've finally upgraded my 2016 TB MacBook Pro to High Sierra 10.13.1 by doing a clean install. I have no issues and performance seems to be on par - or slightly better - with Sierra but I've noticed that lots of RAM is active. At the moment, I have only iMessage, Safari and Mail open and that has 8.58GB RAM active. Is that normal ? Have you noticed anything similar ? Thank you in advance !
Developer(s) | Apple Inc. |
---|---|
Full name | Apple File System |
Introduced | March 27, 2017 with iOS 10.3 |
Partition identifier | 7C3457EF-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC (GPT) |
Structures | |
Directory contents | B-tree[1] |
Limits | |
Max. file size | 8 EiB (263 bytes)[2] |
Max. number of files | 263[2] |
Allowed characters in filenames | Unicode 9.0 encoded in UTF-8[3] |
Features | |
Dates recorded | access, attributes modified, contents modified, created |
Date range | January 1, 1970 – July 21, 2554[1] |
Date resolution | 1 ns[2] |
File system permissions | Unix permissions, NFSv4ACLs |
Transparent compression | Yes[4] |
Transparent encryption | Yes[5] |
Copy-on-write | Yes[3][5] |
Other | |
Supported operating systems | macOS, iOS, tvOS, watchOS and audioOS |
Apple File System (APFS) is a proprietaryfile system for macOSHigh Sierra (10.13) and later, iOS 10.3 and later, tvOS 10.2 and later,[6] and watchOS 3.2 and later,[7] developed and deployed by Apple Inc.[8][9] It aims to fix core problems of HFS+ (also called Mac OS Extended), APFS's predecessor on these operating systems. Apple File System is optimized for flash and solid-state drive storage, with a primary focus on encryption.[10][11]
- 2Design
- 4Support
History[edit]
Apple File System was announced at Apple's developers conference (WWDC) in June 2016 as a replacement for HFS+, which had been in use since 1998.[10][11] APFS was released for 64-bitiOS devices on March 27, 2017, with the release of iOS 10.3, and for macOS devices on September 25, 2017, with the release of macOS 10.13.[12][7]
Design[edit]
The file system can be used on devices with relatively small or large amounts of storage. It uses 64-bit inode numbers,[2] and allows for more secure storage. The APFS code, like the HFS+ code, uses the TRIM command, for better space management and performance. It may increase read-write speeds on iOS and macOS,[7] as well as space on iOS devices, due to the way APFS calculates available data.[13]
Clones[edit]
Clones allow the operating system to make efficient file copies on the same volume without occupying additional storage space. Changes to a cloned file are saved as deltas, reducing storage space required for document revisions and copies.[9]
Snapshots[edit]
Apple File System supports snapshots for creating a point-in-time, read-only instance of the file system.[9]
Encryption[edit]
Apple File System natively supports full disk encryption,[2] and file encryption with the following options:
- no encryption
- single-key encryption
- multi-key encryption, where each file is encrypted with a separate key, and metadata is encrypted with a different key.[9]
Increased maximum number of files[edit]
APFS supports 64-bit inode numbers, supporting over 9 quintillion files on a single volume.[2][5]
Data integrity[edit]
Apple File System uses checksums to ensure data integrity for metadata.[14]
Crash protection[edit]
Apple File System is designed to avoid metadata corruption caused by system crashes. Instead of overwriting existing metadata records in place, it writes entirely new records, points to the new ones and then releases the old ones. This avoids corrupted records containing partial old and partial new data caused by a crash that occurs during an update. It also avoids having to write the change twice, as happens with an HFS+ journaled file system, where changes are written first to the journal and then to the catalog file.[14]
Space sharing[edit]
APFS adds the ability to have multiple logical drives (referred to as Volumes) in the same container where free space is available to all volumes in that container.[15]
Limitations[edit]
Apple File System does not provide checksums for user data.[16] It also does not take advantage of byte-addressable non-volatile random-access memory,[17] and does not yet support compression.[18]
Unlike versions of HFS+ since Leopard, APFS has no support for hard links to directories.[3][19] This is in line with many other modern file systems, but Time Machine still relies on them, so APFS is not yet an option for its backup volumes (as of macOS 10.14 Mojave).[20][19]
Support[edit]
macOS[edit]
Since macOS High Sierra, all devices with flash storage are automatically converted to APFS.[21]FileVault volumes are also converted. As of macOS Mojave, Fusion Drives and hard disk drives are also upgraded on installation.[22] The primary user interface to upgrade does not present an option to opt out of this conversion, and devices formatted with the High Sierra version of APFS will not be readable in previous versions of macOS.[21] Users can disable APFS conversion by using the installer's
startosinstall
utility on the command line and passing --converttoapfs NO
.[23]An experimental version of APFS, with some limitations, is available in macOS Sierra through the command line
diskutil
utility. Among these limitations, it does not perform Unicode normalization while HFS+ does,[24] leading to problems with languages other than English.[25] Drives formatted with Sierra’s version of APFS may also not be compatible with future versions of macOS or the final version of APFS, and the Sierra version of APFS cannot be used with Time Machine, FileVault volumes, or Fusion Drives.[26]iOS, tvOS, and watchOS[edit]
iOS 10.3, tvOS 10.2, and watchOS 3.2 convert the existing HFSX file system to APFS on compatible devices.[12][7][27]
Third party utilities[edit]
Despite the ubiquity of APFS volumes in today's Macs and the format's 2016 introduction, third party repair utilities continue to have notable limitations in supporting APFS volumes, due to Apple's delayed release of complete documentation. According to Alsoft, the maker of the popular DiskWarrior, Apple's 2018 release of finalized APFS format documentation will enable safe rebuilding of APFS disks in future versions of its flagship product.[28] Competing products, including as MicroMat's TechTool and Prosoft's Drive Genius are expected to increase APFS support as well.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abHansen, K.H.; Toolan, F. (September 21, 2017). 'Decoding the APFS file system'. Digital Investigation. 22: 107–132. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2017.07.003. ISSN1742-2876.
- ^ abcdef'Volume Format Comparison'. Apple Developer. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ abc'Apple File System Guide / Frequently Asked Questions'. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^Bertin, René. 'Compression and APFS'. Github. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
- ^ abcApple Inc. 'Apple File System Guide (Features)'. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^'tvOS 10.2'. What's New in tvOS. Apple Inc.
- ^ abcdWarren, Tom (March 27, 2017). 'Apple is upgrading millions of iOS devices to a new modern file system today'. The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
- ^Roger Fingas (June 13, 2016). ''Apple File System' will scale from Apple Watch to Macs, replace HFS+'. Apple Insider. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016.
- ^ abcdHutchinson, Lee (June 13, 2016). 'Digging into APFS, Apple's new file system'. Ars Technica UK. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
- ^ abWeintraub, Seth (June 13, 2016). 'Apple File System (APFS) announced for 2017, scales 'from Apple Watch to Mac Pro' and focuses on encryption'. 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
- ^ abHutchinson, Lee (June 13, 2016). 'New file system spotted in macOS Sierra [Updated]'. Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
- ^ abClover, Juli (March 27, 2017). 'Apple Releases iOS 10.3 With Find My AirPods, APFS, App Store Review Tweaks and More'. MacRumors. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
- ^Alan Loughnane. 'Updating your iPhone will give you one major benefit'. joe.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017.
- ^ abAdam Leventhal (June 19, 2016). 'APFS in Detail: Data Integrity'. Archived from the original on June 21, 2016.
- ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^A ZFS developer’s analysis of the good and bad in Apple’s new APFS file systemArchived February 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Why Apple's APFS won't last 30 yearsArchived April 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Adam Leventhal (June 19, 2016). 'APFS in Detail: Overview'. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
- ^ abLeventhal, Adam H. (June 26, 2016). 'A ZFS developer's analysis of the good and bad in Apple's new APFS file system'. Ars Technica.
APFS right now is incompatible with Time Machine due to the lack of directory hard links, a fairly disgusting implementation that likely contributes to Time Machine's questionable reliability.
- ^'Disks you can use with Time Machine'. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ ab'Prepare for APFS in macOS High Sierra'. Apple.com. September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
- ^'macOS 10.14 Mojave: The Ars Technica review'. arstechnica.com. September 25, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
- ^Trouton, Rich (September 26, 2017). 'Using the macOS High Sierra OS installer's startosinstall tool to avoid APFS conversion'. Der Flounder. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^APFS’s “Bag of Bytes” Filenames
- ^APFS is currently unusable with most non-English languages – The Eclectic Light CompanyArchived June 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- ^'How to Format a Drive With the APFS File System on macOS Sierra'. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
- ^'jakepetroules/Filesystem'. GitHub. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^Alsoft DiskWarrior: Mojave and Apple File System (APFS)
External links[edit]
- Apple File System Guide at Apple Developer
- Apple File System Reference at Apple Developer
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_File_System&oldid=915255166'